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Trans-species psychology is the field of psychology that states that humans and nonhuman animals share commonalities in cognition (thinking) and emotions (feelings). It was established by Gay A. Bradshaw, American ecologist and psychologist.〔Bradshaw, G.A. (2005). Elephant trauma and recovery: from human violence to trans-species psychology. Doctoral dissertation Pacifica Graduate Institute, Santa Barbara.〕 Trans-species psychology argues that existing scientific evidence points to a common model of brain, mind, and behavior for humans and nonhuman animals.〔 Bradshaw claims the theory and data from neuroscience, ethology, and psychology, both current and dating back through the evolutionary biology research of Charles Darwin in the mid-1800s, shows that evolution conserves brain and mind across species.〔Bradshaw, G. A., & Schore, A. N. (2007). How Elephants are Opening Doors: Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context. Ethology, 113(5), 426-436. 〕〔Cantor, C. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives. Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Psychiatry, 43(11), 1038-1048. 〕 Humans and other animals share a common capacity to think, feel, and experience themselves and their lives. Some mammals have demonstrated the ability to experience empathy, culture, self-awareness, consciousness, psychological trauma, mourning rituals, and complex communication abilities.〔Bradshaw, G.A., Capaldo, T, Lindner, L & G. Grow. (2009). Developmental context effects on bicultural post-trauma self repair in Chimpanzees. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1376-1388.〕〔Poole, J.H and Moss, C. J. 2008. Elephant sociality and complexity: The scientific evidence.In: Elephants and Ethics: Toward a morality of Co-existence. C. Wemmer K. Christen (Eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press.〕〔Public Library of Science (2007, June 25). Human-like Altruism Shown In Chimpanzees. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/06/070625085134.htm〕〔http://www.livescience.com/164-ship-noise-drowns-whale-talk-threat-mating.html〕〔Bates, L.A., Lee, P.C., Njiraini, N., Poole, J.H., Sayialel, K., Sayialel, S., Moss, C.J. Byrne, R.W. (2008). Do elephants show Empathy? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15, No. 10-11, pp. 204-25.〕 The knowledge that nonhuman animals have the ability to think and feel in complex ways has also brought the understanding of their capacity to experience psychological trauma and suffering. Trans-species psychology seeks to prevent and treat trauma in all animals through increased scientific understanding.〔 The prefix ''trans'' is a Latin noun meaning "across" or "beyond", and it is used to describe the comparability of brain, mind, and behavior across animal species. In an interview, G.A. Bradshaw stated that the ''trans'' affixed to psychology "re-embeds humans within the larger matrix of the animal kingdom by erasing the ‘and’ between humans and animals that has been used to demarcate and reinforce the false notion that humans are substantively different cognitively and emotionally from other species." (Animal Visions Interview with Gay Bradshaw, 2010 ).〔Bradshaw, G.A. 2010 interview. Animal Visions, Retrieved Nov. 2, 2011. (http://animalvisions.wordpress.com/2010/09/17/trans-species-living-an-interview-with-gay-bradshaw/)〕 ==Historical Background: Elephants Suffering from PTSD== In 2005, Bradshaw’s research led her to the conclusion that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) existed in free-ranging elephant survivors of severely traumatic events, including mass culls (systematic killing), poaching, translocation, and other human attacks. Typically gentle and peaceful herbivores with complex social structures, tight-knit lifelong familial bonds, sophisticated cognitive capacities, and highly empathic responsiveness,〔〔Bates, L.A., Poole, J.H. & Byrne, R.W. (2008). Why study elephant cognition? Current Biology, Vol 18, No 13.〕 traumatized elephants were displaying behavioral aberrations such as inter- and intra-species aggression, abnormal startle response, depression, and infant neglect.〔〔〔Slotow, R. et al. (2000). ''Nature'', 408, 425–426.〕 The unprecedented killing and assault of over 100 rhinoceroses by traumatized young bull elephants was documented in South Africa.〔Bradshaw, G. A., Schore, A. N., Brown, J. L., Poole, J. H., & Moss, C. J. (2005). Elephant breakdown. ''Nature'', 433(7028), 807.〕 Bradshaw integrated psychobiological and ethological principles, specifically the understanding that maternal and community loss lead to pathogenic right hemispheric neurological development, which often results in hyperaggression and socioemotional dysfunction. She found that violent human interference was leading to the breakdown of elephant culture and society, which was the focus of a report by Charles Siebert at the New York Times called (''An Elephant Crackup?'' ). She also documented this in her book, (''Elephants on the Edge: What Animals Teach us about Humanity'' ), which received multiple international awards and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize〔〔 and recommended as a book of the week on the Jean Feraca show, (Jean Feraca recommendation ). These findings and later studies confirming vertebrate commonalities led her to establish trans-species psychology as a theory and method for the study and care of animals (human-inclusive).〔 She also established the non-profit organization, (The Kerulos Center ), which is dedicated to furthering scientific understanding and practical applications that promote animal well-being. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trans-species psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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